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July 2022 Joule Paper

Published in the 2nd highest rated energy journal in the world on July 20, 2022 from some of the top names in the field, our groundbreaking, peer-reviewed Joule article garnered global recognition and acclaim in thousands of media outlets around the world from Forbes, Forbes Japan, BBC, CNN, Washington Post, Daily Beast, Inverse, New Atlas, Carbon Herald, The Engineer, Railway Age and many, many others.

Selection of CO2Rail Articles & Media: https://co2rail.com/press/media/

All Hands On Deck

The U.S. Department of Energy just recently launched a national push to remove gigatons of carbon pollution from the air by 2050. Called the “Carbon Negative Earthshot”. It is an all-hands-on-deck urgent call for innovative carbon dioxide removal technologies and they are granting Billions to bring this technology to scale to mitigate the worst effects of Climate Change.

CO2Rail Works on All Modes & Means of Rail

Freight

Passenger

Diesel

H2/Electrified

Two Separate Configurations of Carbon Mitigation

Ambient Air Direct Air Capture (DAC)

Diesel Exhaust Carbon Capture (CCS)

Direct Air Capture ("DAC")

Ambient Air CO₂ Concentration Mitigation

Direct Air Capture ("DAC") is a form of Carbon Dioxide Removal ("CDR") that encompasses a plurality of chemical and mechanical devices which capture CO2 directly from the atmosphere.

• There are a variety of technologies for Direct Air Capture. Some use liquid chemicals that bind with CO₂ in the air and release the CO₂ when heated. Others use solid filter-type media that chemically adsorbs the CO₂ when contact is made and then use changes in pressure or humidity to release CO₂ when desired. Another type uses an electrical charge to capture the CO₂ and then releases it when the charge is reversed in polarity.
• Direct Air Carbon Capture produces a stream of pure CO₂ that can be then compressed and injected into permanent geological storage like certain spent deep-shaft oil wells or used to make long-lasting products such as cement.
• Other uses include using the captured CO₂ as a primary component in the manufacture of synthetic fuels. Synthetic fuels made with DAC harvested CO₂ contribute to mitigating climate change by displacing an equal amount of fossil fuels.

• Trains deployed with CO2Rail DAC cars will become carbon-negative in their operation. These cars will remove up to 3,000 tonnes of CO₂ from the atmosphere per year and more as the technology progresses.

Mobile Carbon Capture and Storage ("MCCS")

Diesel Locomotive Emissions Mitigation

Beyond ambient air DAC, certain CO2Rail cars can remove the emissions from diesel locomotives themselves with the installation of our proprietary “Locomotive Emissions Transfer Array” (LETA) which directs the exhaust emissions into the CO2Rail CCS car for mitigation.

• Diesel trains deployed with CO2Rail CCS cars will become nearly carbon-neutral in regular operations in addition to carbon-negative with the addition of DAC cars that remove CO₂ from the atmosphere.
• CO2Rail units are deployed only with already running freight or passenger trains in regular service, so there is almost no additional carbon debt incurred from operation even if emissions went uncaptured.

Problems & Solutions

Disruptive Advantages

No External Energy Inputs

No Fans Required

High LCA

No Land Required

Redefined Economics

No External Energy Required

Regenerative Braking Self-Powered

Clean, hybrid Regenerative Braking Energy generated from stopping or slowing an entire train many times per day powers both the DAC and CCS processes.

• All locomotives have the ability when braking to convert forward momentum into energy generation to create a frictionless braking force upon the train (“dynamic braking”). This substantial source of sustainable energy is currently wasted in most operations.
• In most trains, this can supply approximately 25,000 kWh of sustainable energy per 24-hour cycle depending on the train's characteristics and deployment.
• CO2Rail utilizes this immense source of otherwise wasted sustainable energy to remove CO₂ from the atmosphere without incremental energy cost.

No Fans Required

CO2Rail intakes extend up into the slipstream of the moving Train to collect the ambient air from which CO₂ is removed.

• No energy-intensive fans are required to move air through the collection chamber.
• Since CO2Rail requires no fans to be operated during movement, it is 15% – 25% more efficient overall than traditional DAC deployments but this advantage is reduced by the energy required to transport the car.

Great LCA

93% LCA Efficient

At first glance, it might seem that the kinetic energy requirements in the transportation of a mobile system might outweigh the benefits. However, since the primary advantage of the system is to capture and utilize the tremendous regenerative braking energies generated from stopping or slowing an entire train many times per day, a detailed lifecycle emissions analysis shows that Rail DAC is a highly efficient means of carbon mitigation.

• CO2Rail cars harvest many magnitudes more CO₂ than is indirectly emitted by the locomotives in fuel proximate to their operation in additional train loading, aerodynamic drag, and rolling resistance.
• These drag forces and acceleration requirements equal approximately 1,050 kWh per CO2Rail car over a 24-hour period making the system over 93% efficient.
• This means that for every 100 molecules of CO₂ that are removed from the atmosphere only about Seven are indirectly emitted proximate to its operation.

No Land-Based Footprint

Another challenge associated with the current suite of DAC technologies is that, at scale, they will require tremendous land resources upon which to build farms of industrial looking DAC facilities.

• This will necessitate the purchase of, or grant of rights to, vast tracts of land for capture facilities, and even more land upon which to construct the renewable sources of energy necessary to power such.
• Approximately 20 million of these machines may be required per gigaton of harvested CO₂ or hundreds of millions to timely meet the IPCC’s recommendations
• To achieve the IPCC’s recommendations, a total land area approximately the size of Portugal would be required.

Economics

$52/Tonne CO₂ at Scale with Gen 2 Technology

As Rail DAC uses only on-board generated sources of sustainable energy, there is an obvious disruptive economic advantage in the lack of incremental energy costs or costs associated with greenfield development of sustainable energy sources.

• CO2Rail has a $25 - $50 USD cost advantage per tonne of CO₂ from energy alone.
• CO2Rail's land advantage can vary greatly but is substantial, especially when considering the time (and costs) required for studies, permitting, community engagement, and site preparation - all before construction can begin.
• At scale, it is projected that Rail DAC will have an industry best cost stack with the latest detailed estimates coming in just above $50 per tonne of harvested CO₂ at the Megaton-Scale and Gen 2 sorbent systems.

Operational Summary

Pictured Above - CO2Rail Car with zero-carbon, regenerative braking powered Direct Air Carbon Capture and air intakes that extend up into the slipstream of the moving train. Gen 1 CO2Rail Cars will remove up to 3,000 tonnes of CO₂ per year for geological sequestration and have no fixed, land footprint. Each complete braking maneuver produces enough energy from regenerative braking to remove approximately 1.5 Tonnes of CO₂ from the atmosphere.

The CO2Rail System deploys proven technology for the Direct Air Capture of carbon dioxide gas from the ambient environmental air utilizing the massive scale and scope of the global railway network.

• The required energy to perform Direct Air Capture comes from the enormous regenerative braking energy generated from stopping or slowing an entire train many times per day.
• CO2Rail cars are only attached to trains in regular transportation service and the required air is obtained in a ramjet type manner from the train's slipstream.
• When the onboard, 15-tonne reservoir is filled with harvested CO₂, it is emptied during crew change or fueling stops into a regular tank car for later delivery with others to a nearby sequestration site or commercial partner within the circular carbon economy.
• CO2Rail CCS cars can even be used for point-source locomotive CO₂ emissions mitigation. This will make rail transportation the world's first carbon-neutral mode of scale transportation in addition to being significantly carbon-negative in its primary ambient air DAC operations.

CO2Rail Deployment

Carbon Mitigation Results

Regenerative Braking Energy Use Case Comparison

Value Proposition

Value Proposition - Emitter

Value Proposition - Rail

Rail Sustainability

Rail is the most efficient form of scale Transportation and is 3-5x more fuel-efficient per ton transported than trucks.

• Higher rail utilization is great for the environment.
• CO2Rail takes the already most efficient form of scale transportation and makes diesel trains nearly carbon-neutral in their regular transportation operations and significantly carbon negative in their ambient air DAC operations.
• CO2Rail creates the world’s first large-scale carbon-negative mode of transportation.  Carbon-Neutral in their Carbon-Negative operations and without external energy demands.

Will CO2Rail catalyze a Carbon Removal Positive Feedback Loop?

• A Climate Positive Positive Feedback Loop as a direct result of deployment of the CO2Rail technology is possible where carbon-negative rail leads to increased rail traffic and increased rail traffic leads to even more carbon-negative rail.

Revenue Model

CAPEX

Unit #0002 - #0010: ~$2.87M USD ea.

Unit #0011+: ~$1.96M USD ea.

Unit Production by Year

Financial Metrics

CO₂ Sequestration Revenue by Year